Creating Intestinal Organoids In Vitro
Scientists in Boston say they have developed a new method for generating groups of intestinal cells that can be used, among others, to make disease models in the lab to test treatments for diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system. Using human induced pluripotent stem cells, their approach combined a variety of techniques that enabled the development of three-dimensional groups of intestinal cells (organoids) in vitro, which can expand disease treatment testing in the lab using human cells.
The study (“Generation of mesenchyme free intestinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells”), published online in Nature Communications, provides a novel platform to improve drug screenings and uncover novel therapies to treat a variety of diseases impacting the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, and cystic fibrosis, according to the researchers.
“Efficient generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived human intestinal organoids (HIOs) would facilitate the development of in vitro models for a variety of diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease or cystic fibrosis. Here, we report a directed differentiation protocol for the generation of mesenchyme-free HIOs that can be primed towards more colonic or proximal intestinal lineages in serum-free defined conditions. Using a CDX2eGFP iPSC knock-in reporter line to track the emergence of hindgut progenitors, we follow the kinetics of CDX2 expression throughout directed differentiation, enabling the purification of intestinal progenitors and robust generation of mesenchyme-free organoids expressing characteristic markers of small intestinal or colonic epithelium. We employ HIOs generated in this way to measure CFTR function using cystic fibrosis patient-derived iPSC lines before and after correction of the CFTR mutation, demonstrating their future potential for disease modeling and therapeutic screening applications,” the investigators wrote.
The team at the Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center used donated hiPSCs, which are created by reprogramming adult cells into a primitive state. For this study, these cells were pushed to differentiate into intestinal cells using specific growth factors in order to create organoids in a gel. This new protocol allowed the cells to develop without mesenchyme, which typically in other protocols, provides support for the intestinal epithelial cells to grow. By taking out the mesenchyme, the researchers could study exclusively epithelial cells, which make up the intestinal tract.
In addition, using CRISPR technology, the researchers were able to modify and create a novel iPSC stem cell line that glowed green when differentiated into intestinal cells. This allowed the researchers to follow the process of how intestinal cells differentiate in vitro.
“Generating organoids in our lab allows us to create more accurate disease models, which are used to test treatments and therapies targeted to a specific genetic defect or tissue—and it’s all possible without harming the patient,” said Gustavo Mostoslavsky, MD, PhD, co-director of CReM and faculty member in the gastroenterology section at Boston Medical Center. “This approach allows us to determine what treatments could be most effective, and which are ineffective, against a disease.”
Using this new protocol, the researchers generated intestinal organoids from iPSCs containing a mutation that causes cystic fibrosis, which typically affects several organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. Using CRISPR technology, the researchers corrected the mutation in the intestinal organoids. The intestinal organoids with the mutation did not respond to a drug while the genetically corrected cells did respond, demonstrating their future potential for disease modeling and therapeutic screening applications.
The protocol developed in this study provides strong evidence to continue using human iPSCs to study development at the cellular level, tissue engineering and disease modeling in order to advance the understanding, and possibilities, of regenerative medicine, noted Mostoslavsky.
“I hope that this study helps move forward our collective understanding about how diseases impact the gastrointestinal tract at the cellular level,” said Mostoslavsky, who also is associate professor of medicine and microbiology at Boston University School of Medicine. “The continual development of novel techniques in creating highly differentiated cells that can be used to develop disease models in a lab setting will pave the way for the development of more targeted approaches to treat many different diseases.”
