Supine posture changes lung volumes and increases ventilation heterogeneity in cystic fibrosis
Abstract
Introduction
Lung Clearance Index (LCI) is recognised as an early marker of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. The effect of posture on LCI however is important when considering longitudinal measurements from infancy and when comparing LCI to imaging studies.
Methods
35 children with CF and 28 healthy controls (HC) were assessed. Multiple breath washout (MBW) was performed both sitting and supine in triplicate and analysed for LCI, Scond, Sacin, and lung volumes. These values were also corrected for the Fowler dead-space to create ‘alveolar’ indices.
Results
From sitting to supine there was a significant increase in LCI and a significant decrease in FRC for both CF and HC (p<0.01). LCI, when adjusted to estimate ‘alveolar’ LCI (LCIalv), increased the magnitude of change with posture for both LCIalv and FRCalv in both groups, with a greater effect of change in lung volume in HC compared with children with CF. The % change in LCIalvfor all subjects correlated significantly with lung volume % changes, most notably tidal volume/functional residual capacity (Vtalv/FRCalv (r = 0.54,p<0.001)).
Conclusion
There is a significant increase in LCI from sitting to supine, which we believe to be in part due to changes in lung volume and also increasing ventilation heterogeneity related to posture. This may have implications in longitudinal measurements from infancy to older childhood and for studies comparing supine imaging methods to LCI.
Figures
Citation: Smith LJ, Macleod KA, Collier GJ, Horn FC, Sheridan H, Aldag I, et al. (2017) Supine posture changes lung volumes and increases ventilation heterogeneity in cystic fibrosis. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275
Editor: Florian Singer, University Children`s Hospital Zurich, SWITZERLAND
Received: June 6, 2017; Accepted: November 3, 2017; Published: November 27, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Smith et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper; for further information, the corresponding author can be contacted.
Funding: This work was supported by the NIHR; Cystic Fibrosis Trust; UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium. LS, AH and JW were supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), LS was supported by an HEE/NIHR clinical doctoral research fellowship, AH was supported by an NIHR Clinician Scientist award and JW was supported by an NIHR Professorship award. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Multiple breath washout (MBW) is recognised as an important clinical and research method in cystic fibrosis (CF) [1]. Indices derived from MBW reflect the degree of ventilation heterogeneity within the lungs. The lung clearance index (LCI) is thought to reflect overall ventilation heterogeneity, whereas the phase III slope indices Scond and Sacin are proposed indices of heterogeneity in the washout signal from the convection and diffusion-convection dependent airways respectively [2]. LCI in particular has been extensively investigated and is an important measure of early lung disease in CF [3, 4] and is well suited to a paediatric age group with relatively mild lung disease.
The effect of posture on LCI in children with CF has recently been assessed [5]. This study compared CF children with mild disease to healthy controls (HC) and showed that LCI in the supine posture was elevated when compared to sitting and that supine LCI correlated better than sitting LCI with metrics derived from high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The authors also reported that the magnitude of the increase in LCI was greater in CF children than HC, despite similar reductions in FRC. This postural effect is also important when assessing longitudinal changes in LCI, with infant MBW performed supine whilst older children tend to perform the measurements sitting. The effect of this change in posture is therefore important for the interpretation of changes in LCI.
One major effect of the supine posture is the impact that this has on lung volumes. In particular, a reduction in FRC when lying supine compared to an upright posture is widely reported [6].
LCI is calculated using the FRC and several authors have shown that LCI can be affected by large changes in lung volumes [7–9]. Understanding the effect of posture on ventilation heterogeneity may allow more accurate comparisons with imaging and relate structural abnormalities to lung physiology and will aid in the interpretation of longitudinal studies in young children.
Further to the work of Ramsey et al [5], the aim of this study therefore was to compare LCI and the phase III slope parameters Scond and Sacin, sitting and supine, in children with a range of CF lung disease as well as in HC, and to measure the extent to which changing lung volume affects the change in LCI. We hypothesised that supine posture would firstly reduce lung volume (FRC) with a resultant effect on gas mixing, but also that there would be an additional effect of posture on ventilation heterogeneity within the lungs.
Methods
This was an observational study performed at two specialist UK paediatric centres: Sheffield Children’s Hospital (SCH) and Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (RHSC). This study was approved by the National Research and Ethics Committee (SCH—REC 12/YH/0343. RHSC—Lothian Research Ethics Committee (08/S1101/290)) and parents/guardians provided written informed consent.
Subjects with CF had a clinical diagnosis confirmed via sweat testing and/or genetic testing and were clinically stable, without exacerbation for at least 4 weeks prior to assessment. HC were without chronic respiratory illness, neuromuscular weakness or bone disease likely to impair respiration and with no congenital cardiac disease requiring medication. HC also had no history of acute respiratory illness in the 4 weeks prior to testing. Children were aged 5–16 years old.
LCI values from SCH CF (n = 19) and HC (n = 10) children have previously been reported [10]. This previous work reported the sensitivity of LCI to detect lung disease in comparison to helium-3 MRI, spirometry and CT. This report did not compare the sitting LCI to that performed in the supine posture. The current study also contains additional analyses to explore the causes of the changes in LCI on lying supine.
All subjects performed MBW using a modified open-circuit Innocor device with (0.2%) sulfa-hexaflouride (SF6) as the tracer gas for wash-in and room air for washout [11]. MBW was measured in triplicate without randomisation with regards the order of sitting and supine measurements. MBW was firstly performed seated and then supine, followed by spirometry. Spirometry was performed according to international guidelines [12] using a ‘PFT Pro’ (Carefusion, Basingstoke, UK) in the SCH cohort and using an ‘Easyone’ (ndd, Zurich, Switzerland) in the RHSC cohort. The SCH cohort did not pause after the supine posture was adopted before performing MBW, whilst the RHSC cohort waited 30 minutes whilst supine before starting MBW.
The Innocor MBW system was used in both centres as previously described [11]. Each subject breathed tidally through a low dead-space filter and flanged mouthpiece (adapted to ensure minimal dead-space) attached in series to a pneumotachograph (Hans-Rudolph, USA). During the wash-in, an open bias flow circuit was attached to the distal end of the pneumotachograph, supplying 0.2% SF6 in air at a flow rate of 10-12lpm from a gas cylinder. Each subject was encouraged to breathe naturally whilst being distracted by watching a DVD until the difference between the inspired and expired concentration of SF6 was <0.004%. The subject was then disconnected from the flow-past circuit during exhalation, after which the subject continued tidal breathing until the expired concentration of SF6 dropped below 1/40th of the initial concentration (approximately 0.005%) for three consecutive breaths.
MBW data were analysed using custom-built software for the measurements of LCI, Scond and Sacin, FRC, tidal volume ((Vt) taken as the average across all washout breaths) and Fowler dead-space (FDS) [13], with the final result being the average value recorded from at least 2 acceptable trials [14]. LCI was calculated as the cumulative expired volume required to ‘wash-out’ the tracer gas to 1/40th of the ‘washed-in’ concentration, divided by the FRC. Phase III slope analysis was automated and checked manually to confirm accurate identification of alveolar slopes. Sacin was calculated from the first expiratory breath after the wash-in was complete. Scond was calculated from breaths during 1.5–6 lung turnovers as previously described [14]. Spirometric measures of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC were expressed as z-scores using recommended equations [15].
Methods for alveolar indices of MBW
Alveolar indices were calculated as previously described [16]. FDS [17] was calculated from the exhaled CO2 curve measured at each breath of the wash-out and the average from all breaths recorded. Alveolar lung volumes were then calculated by subtracting the FDS from the lung volumes to create FRCalv and Vtalv. LCIalv was calculated using the formula:Where CEV is the cumulative expired volume required to wash-out SF6 to 1/40th of the starting concentration and B is the number of tidal breaths required to do the same.
Statistical analysis
Comparisons between CF and HC were performed using un-paired t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests after assessing for the normal distribution. Comparisons between sitting and supine measurements made in the same subjects were performed using paired t-tests or the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Correlations were performed using either Pearson or Spearman rank analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant and presented throughout the manuscript alongside the mean or median difference (MD) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) where appropriate. All analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism V7 (San Diego, USA). Height and weight were converted into age-appropriate z-scores [18].
Results
35 children with CF (19 from SCH) and 28 HC (10 from SCH) completed both the sitting and supine MBW assessments. Demographic and baseline lung function data are summarised in Table 1. HC subjects were significantly taller and heavier than CF subjects (MD (95% CI): height z-score = -0.73 (-1.24, -0.22,), p = 0.006. Weight z-score = -0.43 (-0.79, 0.00), p = 0.049)) and non-significant trends of greater age in HC. CF subjects had significantly poorer lung function outcomes than HC, with lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC z scores as well as increased sitting LCI and Scond. Despite this, in CF subjects the overall mean z-scores for FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were -0.78 and -0.89 respectively, and therefore within the normal reference range (z-score >-1.64). 8/35 CF subjects had an FEV1 z-score <-1.64, and 6/35 had an FEV1/FVC z-score <-1.64. In contrast, 17/35 subjects had an LCI (sitting) greater than the upper limit of normal (7.4) [11]. All HCs had normal FEV1, FEV1/FVC and LCI (sitting).
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Table 1. Demographics and baseline lung function data for healthy control and cystic fibrosis subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275.t001
Combined CF and HC demographics compared between each testing centre were not significantly different. CF patients from SCH were however, slightly older than RHSC (mean age = 10.93 vs 9.06 years, p = 0.049) and therefore also taller (mean height = 142.8 vs 130.8cm, p = 0.039). There were no significant differences when comparing the % change in LCI, FRC, CEV, Vt or Vt/FRC between subjects measured from the two different centres. The SCH cohort demonstrated no significant difference or consistent effect between supine MBW trial 1 and trial 3 (p = 0.68).
Changes with posture
There were large and statistically significant reductions in FRC when changing from the sitting to supine posture, in both CF and HC, of 24.40% (95% CI = 20.95, 27.85) and 28.42% (95% CI = 23.92, 32.91) respectively (both p<0.001) (see Table 2, Fig 1). There were small but statistically significant increases in LCI. In HC, mean LCI increased by 3.63% from 6.25 to 6.47 (MD (95% CI) = 0.17 (0.06, 0.36), p<0.001) and in CF LCI increased by 6.69% from 7.72 to 8.22 (MD (95% CI) = 0.34 (0.17, 0.72), p<0.001). There were also large and statistically significant reductions in CEV. In CF, mean CEV decreased by 20.00% (95% CI = 16.00, 24.90) and in HC by 25.40% (95% CI = 21.22, 29.63). Adjusting FRC for height by expressing as a percentage of predicted did not change the pattern of results.
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Fig 1. LCI and FRC change from sitting to supine in both cystic fibrosis (CF) and healthy controls (HC).
There is a significant increase in LCI from sitting to supine in both CF and HC and a significant decrease in FRC.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275.g001
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Table 2. Sitting to supine comparison of multiple breath washout (MBW) outcomes for both cystic fibrosis (CF) and healthy control (HC) subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275.t002
Bland-Altman analysis of sitting and supine LCI (Fig 2) demonstrates that the effect of posture on LCI is greater in CF subjects than HC. CF subjects had an increased mean difference (CF = 0.5, HC = 0.22) and wider 95% limits of agreement (2.11, -1.11) when compared to HC (0.83, -0.39).
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Fig 2.
Bland-Altman analysis of sitting and supine LCI in children with CF (A) and healthy controls (B). The dashed line indicates the mean difference and the dotted lines indicate the 95% limits of agreement.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275.g002
In CF, supine posture was associated with significant decreases in both Vt (Mean (95% CI) = -8.0% (-12.7, -3.4)) and FDS (Mean (95% CI) = -8.4% (-12.5, -4.3)), whereas in HC neither of these variables showed significant change. In both CF and HC however, the large reductions in FRC led to significant increases in the ratio of Vt/FRC (Mean (95% CI) = 24.0% (14.92, 33.07) and 54.5% (37.2, 71.9) increase respectively).
Scond was low in HC and increased from 0.02 sitting, to 0.03 supine (MD (95% CI) = 0.01 (-0.01, 0.02), p = 0.028). There were no statistically significant changes in other phase III slope indices.
Analysis of alveolar MBW
Correcting MBW for FDS to produce measures of ventilation heterogeneity independent of changes in physiological dead space did not alter the pattern of changes described above when moving from a sitting to a supine posture. Correcting for FDS increased the magnitude of the postural effect on LCI in both groups (Mean (95% CI) increase of 9.6% (5.5, 13.6) in CF and 8.6% (5.7, 11.6) increase in HC) and the decrease in FRC (Mean (95% CI) = -25.4% (-29.2, -21.7) in CF and -29.4% (-34.2, -24.6) in HC) (Table 3). HC subjects had a significantly larger % change in Vtalv/FRCalv than CF but there was no group difference for the % change in LCIalv(Table 4).
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Table 3. Sitting to supine comparison of ‘alveolar’ multiple breath washout outcomes.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275.t003
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Table 4. A comparison of the % change in ‘alveolar’ multiple breath washout outcomes between healthy controls and cystic fibrosis subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275.t004
Correlations
In the combined CF and HC data, the difference in LCI from sitting to supine and the % change in LCI, resulted in no significant correlations with any baseline or % change value. For the combined CF and HC populations, the % change in LCIalv however showed significant correlations with the % change in FRCalv (r = -0.47, p<0.001), % change in Vtalv (r = 0.38, p = 0.002) and the % change in Vtalv/FRCalv (r = 0.54, p<0.001, Fig 3). Individually, the % change in Vtalv/FRCalv against % change in LCIalv was better correlated in HC (r = 0.71, p<0.001) than in CF (r = 0.50, p = 0.002).
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Fig 3. Scatter plot with Spearman correlation of the % change in the ‘alveolar’ Vtalv/FRCalv with the % change in ‘alveolar’ LCIalv for both cystic fibrosis (CF) and healthy control (HC) subjects combined.
The Spearman correlation suggests a positive relationship between increasing % change Vtalv/FRCalv and increasing % change LCIalv.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188275.g003
Discussion
These results demonstrate that subjects with CF and predominantly mild lung disease increase LCI when changing posture from sitting to supine, with an associated significant reduction in FRC. This study adds to previously reported data by interrogating possible causes for the increase seen in LCI including the effects of dead-space and the change in different lung volumes due to posture [5]. When assessing lung volumes measured during MBW, in addition to a reduction in FRC, we also demonstrate in CF subjects that adopting the supine posture resulted in a decrease in Vt and FDS. All subjects had a significant increase in the ratio of Vt/FRC and decrease in CEV.
The increase in LCI with change in position suggests this change of posture increases ventilation heterogeneity in both CF and HC. The relative (%) change however did not correlate with other measured baseline parameters, including other markers of disease severity. There were inconsistent changes in Scond and Sacin when adopting the supine posture, we are therefore unable to determine whether the increasing heterogeneity was specifically related to changes in conductive or acinar airway heterogeneity.
Alveolar LCI
To assess whether increased LCI was due to increasing ventilation heterogeneity and not due to changes in physiological dead-space, the method of Haidopoulou [16] was used to calculate the ‘alveolar’ LCI (LCIalv). This involves subtracting the Fowler dead-space from the lung volume components and reduces LCI. The observation that LCIalv has a greater increase than LCI from sitting to supine confirms that increased supine LCI is not simply a mathematical consequence of reducing FRC. Correcting for the dead-space also changed the relationship between the outcomes, such that the % change in LCIalv became significantly correlated with the mean Vtalv, FRCalv and therefore the Vtalv/FRCalv ratio. The correlation between the % change in Vtalv/FRCalv and LCIalv was stronger in HC than CF suggesting that the change in lung volumes, from sitting to supine, is a more important factor in the change in LCI in subjects without airways disease. In patients with CF, even in those with mild disease, there is a less predictable effect of posture on the distribution of ventilation.
Consistent with this, CF subjects also had a poorer agreement between LCI values measured sitting and supine than HC, again suggesting that CF lungs have a more unpredictable gas mixing response to the supine posture than HC.
Relevance
Imaging studies performed supine, such as MRI [10, 19–21] and CT [22] are increasingly used to assess the earliest changes in the CF lung. MBW performed while seated is also being used to provide regional insight to the structural and physiological changes measured in MBW [23]. In addition, longitudinal studies in young children with CF often compare measurements performed in infancy while supine, with repeated measurements performed seated in later childhood. Age related change in posture when measuring LCI should also be taken into consideration when interpreting longitudinal studies. The results of this study suggest; (i) that the supine posture changes LCI, (ii) that the amount it changes by is not predictable in an individual and (iii) that there is likely a true increase in ventilation heterogeneity [5]. Due to the inherent nature of how LCI is calculated, a change in FRC and Vt/FRC will lead to a change in LCI [9]. Our results suggest that the increase in LCI seen in CF is related to changes in ventilation heterogeneity. Therefore, subject posture should be taken into consideration when making direct physiological comparisons between MBW and imaging outcomes[5] and when assessing longitudinal measurements.
Our findings are predominantly aligned with those previously reported, except we found no significant difference in the amount of change in LCI, from sitting to supine, between CF and HC [5]. The reason for this difference is not clear, though it may relate to the different MBW gases used;. SF6 wash-in and washout as reported here and a Nitrogen (N2) washout methodology previously reported[5]. LCI derived from SF6 measurement is likely to differ from N2 LCI methodology[14], due to the differing gas properties and also possible affects of N2resident in the lung and excreted from alveolar tissue. There are also discrepancies with regards FRC measurements from differing N2 washout systems, [24, 25] which may also have an impact on postural measurements. The CF cohort reported has a younger mean age (by approximately 2 years), with a lower mean sitting LCI than previously reported [5], however the HC cohorts have a similar disparity in sitting LCI in both studies. This makes it difficult to determine whether there is therefore a true difference in disease severity of the two CF cohorts or whether the difference is due to differing MBW methodologies.
Imaging studies demonstrate that ventilation gradients are present in healthy lungs, that are liable to change when lying supine [26] or in microgravity [27]. Supine changes in LCI may therefore be due to altered gravitational forces. Such changes appear poorly predictable in CF lungs where there is greater variation in regional lung compliance and airway calibre than the healthy lung [28]. This may also explain why children with asthma [29] and adults with chronic heart failure [30] demonstrate no change in LCI when lying supine despite similarly reduced FRC. In this study we have only assessed patients with predominantly mild CF, but it is possible that the effect may be more profound or more unpredictable in those with more severe disease.
Mucus plugging and bronchiectasis are common features in CF lungs [28]. It is possible that when lying supine, where the distribution of ventilation causes increased inter-regional ventilation heterogeneity [31], that any peripheral areas of bronchiectasis and mucus plugging receive a greater distribution of ventilation compared to an upright posture, causing an increase in ventilation heterogeneity and therefore LCI.
Study limitations
Data collection for this study was carried out at two separate centres, with the data combined. Subjects from RHSC waited for 30 minutes in the supine posture before measuring MBW whilst SCH subjects only waited the time it took to position the subject and equipment (5-10mins). When we compared data from the two centres however there was no significant difference in the % change from sitting to supine for any of the outcomes studied. We have assumed that this difference in supine time was not important, as the SCH cohort demonstrated no significant tendency to increasing LCI values with repeated measurements in the supine position. Another limitation of this study is that we predominantly studied CF children with mild lung disease, therefore the effects of posture change in more severe disease and in adult patients with CF is not known. We also did not randomise the order in which the subjects performed either sitting or supine MBW. Ideally the order would have been randomly assigned, however for both centres the MBW measurements were made as part of larger separate studies where sitting MBW was the primary outcome [10]. We can therefore not fully assess whether there was a learning effect from repeated MBW measurements.
Conclusion
We have demonstrated that children with CF and HC have an increase in LCI and a decrease in FRC when lying supine that is not simply due to changes in lung volumes. The change in LCI appears partly driven by an increase in Vt/FRC when supine and in HC may be the main factor contributing to this change in LCI. However, in CF subjects the changes in lung volumes can only explain a proportion of the change in LCI, which is also caused by true increases in ventilation heterogeneity. The effect of posture is hard to predict on an individual basis and care should be taken when correlating supine imaging measurements with physiology assessments performed seated.
Acknowledgments
Chantal Ellis, Kay Riding and Debbie Miller from NHS Lothian Children’s Clinical research Facility for performing MBW measurements. The CF teams at both RHSC and SCH for assisting patient recruitment.
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http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0188275
